Leviathan Summary

The strongest form of social unity and civil tranquility can be achieved by founding a commonwealth based on a collective agreement, according to a particular philosophical argument. The optimal commonwealth, as per this theory, is governed by a supreme entity tasked with safeguarding its security and bestowed with limitless power to maintain collective defense. The ruling entity, metaphorically depicted as the head of a colossal human-like construct made up of its citizens, symbolizes this commonwealth. The construct represents an all-powerful governmental entity needed to maintain peace and avert internal conflict.

The arguments are presented in four sections discussing the nature of man, the concept of a commonwealth, the amalgamation of Christian doctrines with this philosophy, and lastly, the realm of darkness. The initial section lays the groundwork for the entire philosophy, while the remaining segments further extend and expound the initial arguments. The philosophy's cornerstone is the understanding that human nature and all its dynamics can be understood from materialistic principles. The natural condition of humanity, termed the 'state of nature,' is portrayed as inherently brutal and filled with dread. This natural state leads to a war of all against all, pushing humans to yearn for peace. The most effective way to achieve this peace is by creating a strong governing entity through a collective agreement.

The subsequent sections detail the construction of this governing body, the rights and duties of rulers and their subjects, and the political and civil dynamics within the commonwealth. They also examine the compatibility of Christian doctrines with this current philosophy. The final section debunks mistaken religious beliefs and affirms that the implementation of a governing entity is necessary to establish a secure Christian commonwealth. The methodology used in this philosophy mirrors a geometric proof, built on basic principles and definitions where each step of the argument validates the preceding one, leading to an irrefutable conclusion.